Hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis differently affect P wave duration and dispersion on the surface electrocardiogram.

AIM: The incidence of atrial fibrillation is increased during hemodialysis (HD); however, the effects of hemodiafiltration (HDF) on atrial arrhythmias have not been evaluated. The prolongation of the P wave and P dispersion (Pd) can predict atrial arrhythmias. METHODS: Data from 30 patients receiving HDF over a period of 3 months were collected; the same group of patients was then evaluated during treatment with conventional HD for at least another 3 months. Electrolyte values were obtained, and surface electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiography, and Holter ECGs were performed. RESULTS: The duration of the P wave and Pd increased significantly during HD. The left atrial diameter decreased significantly only during HDF. During HDF, the left atrial cross diameter measured at the beginning of the session was positively correlated with the incidence of supraventricular premature beats (p = 0.011, r = 0.4556). The decrease in left atrial diameter during HDF was negatively correlated with the incidence of supraventricular premature beats (p = 0.016, r = -0.43). During HDF, the changes in sodium and Pd were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.05, r = 0.478). During HD, the changes in ionized calcium levels and Pd were positively correlated (p < 0.05, r = 0.377). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HDF has a more beneficial effect on P wave duration and Pd than HD. The alterations in the ECG markers may be the result of the simultaneous occurrence of certain electrolyte imbalances and renal replacement methods.

[End stage renal disease and ventricular arrhythmia. Hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration differently affect ventricular repolarization]. / Végstádiumú vesebetegség és kamrai szívritmuszavarok. A hemodialízis és a hemodiafiltráció a kamrai repolarizációt eltéroen befolyásolja.

Various factors (hypertension [27%], diabetes mellitus [40%]) and their cardiovascular complications play an important role in the genesis of end stage renal disease. Furthermore, primary kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, obstructive uropathy, analgesic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases) have an unfavorable effect on the cardiovascular outcome of this particular population. Increased susceptibility for arrhythmias may be caused by intermittent volume overload, metabolic disturbance, renal anemia, structural and electrophysiological changes of the myocardium, inflammatory mechanisms that may worsen the mortality statistics of these patients. A novel renal replacement method, hemodiafiltration - based on a convective transport - ensures reduced mortality that may be attributed to a decreased occurrence of arrhythmias. The aim of this paper is to review the pathogenetic factors taking part in the arrhythmogenesis of end stage renal disease and to provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities that can help in the prediction and prevention of arrhythmias.

Pathophysiological and clinical approach to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.

Hyperdynamic circulation, systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction and certain electrophysiological abnormalities have been associated with cirrhosis and known for a long time. These clinical features have been introduced as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), which is characterized by blunted myocardial contractile responsiveness to physical, physiological and pharmacological stress. Importantly, cardiac dysfunction can be reversible and can improve due to effective medical treatment and also after liver transplantation. Echocardiography and electrocardiography are essential tools for recognizing the characteristic changes in the myocardial function and also the alterations in the electrophysiological properties of the heart. Laboratory markers are auxiliary modalities further aiding the establishment of the correct diagnosis. In this review, we aimed to collect the pathophysiological background and clinical characteristics of CCM with the intention of summarizing the current possibilities for the diagnosis establishment and treatment of this cardio-hepatic disorder.

Pseudopheochromocytoma induced by anxiolytic withdrawal.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic paroxysmal hypertension without significantly elevated catecholamine concentrations and with no evidence of an underlying adrenal tumor is known as pseudopheochromocytoma. METHODS: We describe the case of a female patient with paroxysmal hypertensive crises accompanied by headache, vertigo, tachycardia, nausea and altered mental status. Previously, she was treated for a longer period with alprazolam due to panic disorder. Causes of secondary hypertension were excluded. Neurological triggers (intracranial tumor, cerebral vascular lesions, hemorrhage, and epilepsy) could not be detected. RESULTS: Setting of the diagnosis of pseudopheochromocytoma treatment was initiated with alpha- and beta-blockers resulting in reduced frequency of symptoms. Alprazolam was restarted at a daily dose of 1 mg. The patient's clinical condition improved rapidly and the dosage of alpha- and beta-blockers could be decreased. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the withdrawal of an anxiolytic therapeutic regimen may generate sympathetic overdrive resulting in life-threatening paroxysmal malignant hypertension and secondary encephalopathy. We emphasize that pseudopheochromocytoma can be diagnosed only after exclusion of the secondary causes of hypertension. We highlight the importance of a psychopharmacological approach to this clinical entity.

Hemodiafiltration beneficially affects QT interval duration and dispersion compared to hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prolongation of the QT interval and dispersion could predict ventricular arrhythmias. It is not yet established whether there is a difference between the effects of hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration on QT interval duration and dispersion. METHODS: Data of thirty patients was investigated while they were receiving hemodiafiltration over a period of 3 months; then the same group of patients was evaluated during treatment with conventional hemodialysis for at least another 3 months. Ionic parameters and surface electrocardiograms (ECG) were analyzed five times during each session, and 2D, M-mode echocardiography and Holter ECGs were performed to acquire additional information. RESULTS: QT interval duration (QTmax) and dispersion (QTd) showed a significant increase during hemodialysis, but not during hemodiafiltration. QTmax was 388.66 ± 31.81 ms at the beginning of hemodialysis and increased to 400.66 ± 39.12 ms even at the 30th minute (p < 0.05). QTd was found to be 31.33 ± 10.08 ms before the commencement of hemodialysis with the largest prolongation being seen at the 240th minute (51.33 ± 14.56 ms, p < 0.05). The occurrence of ventricular premature beats was significantly higher during hemodialysis (p = 0.018). The left atrial diameter significantly decreased at the end of hemodiafiltration (at the beginning 45.1 ± 5.25 mm, at the end 40.77 ± 5.76 mm; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a beneficial effect of hemodiafiltration on the studied electrocardiographic parameters compared to hemodialysis. The larger decrease in the left atrial diameter suggests a more efficient intracardiac volume-decreasing potential of hemodiafiltration.

Hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration differently modulate left ventricular diastolic function.

BACKGROUND: Renal replacement therapy may have a favorable effect on diastolic left ventricular function, but it is not clear whether hemodiafiltration is superior to hemodialysis in this field. Nitric oxide (NO) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) may play a role in the changes of intracardiac hemodynamics, but it is not clear whether the different renal replacement methods have disparate influence on the metabolism of these materials. METHODS: Thirty patients on renal replacement therapy were investigated. First, data was analyzed while patients received hemodiafiltration over a period of three months. Then, the same patients were evaluated during treatment with hemodialysis for at least another three months. Echocardiography was performed before and after renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the volume removals between hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. The left atrial diameter and transmitral flow velocities (E/A) decreased significantly only during hemodiafiltration. A positive correlation was observed between the left atrial diameter and E/Ea representing the left ventricular pressure load during hemodiafiltration. Significant correlations between NO and A and E/A were observed only in the case of hemodiafiltration. CONCLUSION: Hemodiafiltration has a beneficial effect on echocardiographic markers representing left ventricular diastolic function. This could be attributed to the differences between the dynamics of volume removal and its distribution among liquid compartments.